However, the most popular methods such
as Significance Analysis of Microarrays (SAM), samroc, fold change, and rank
product are far from perfect. In order to determine which method is most
powerful, it comes down to the characteristics of the sample and distribution
of the gene expressions. The most practiced method is usually SAM or samroc butwhen the data tends to be skewed, the power of these methods decreases. With
the concept that the median becomes a better measure of central tendency than
the mean when the data is skewed, the test statistics of the SAM and fold
change methods are modified in this paper. This study shows that the median
modified fold change method improves the power for many cases when identifying
DE genes if the data follows a lognormal distribution.
Establishment of an LC equation and
of a local fields equation describing permanently localized photons from the
analysis of kinetic energy circulation within the energy structure of the
double-particle photon that Louis de Broglie hypothesized in the early 1930's.
Among other interesting features, these equations provide a mechanical
explanation to the localized photon properties of self-propelling at the speed
of light and of self-guiding in straight line when no external interaction
tends to deflect its trajectory. This paper summarizes the seminal
considerations that led to the development of the 3-spaces model.
Even apart from the instability due
to speculation, there is the instability due to the characteristic of human
nature that a large proportion of our positive activities depend on spontaneous
optimism rather than mathematical expectations, whether moral or hedonistic or
economic. Most, probably, of our decisions to do something positive, the full
consequences of which will be drawn out over many days to come, can only be taken
as the result of animal spirits—a spontaneous urge to action rather than
inaction, and not as the outcome of a weighted average of quantitative benefits
multiplied by quantitative probabilities.
In a multiple regression analysis,
it is usually difficult to interpret the estimator of the individual
coefficients if the explanatory variables are highly inter-correlated. Such aproblem is often referred to as the multicollinearity problem. There exist
several ways to solve this problem. One such way is ridge regression. Two
approaches of estimating the shrinkage ridge parameter k are proposed.
Comparison is made with other ridge-type estimators. To investigate the
performance of our proposed methods with the traditional ordinary least squares
(OLS) and the other approaches for estimating the parameters of the ridge
regression model, we calculate the mean squares error (MSE) using thesimulation techniques. Results of the simulation study shows that the suggested
ridge regression outperforms both the OLS estimator and the other ridge-type
estimators in all of the different situations evaluated in this paper.
The
result shows that gravitational and charge fields have the same strengths when
considered in fractional adjusted-Planck values. By showing that h and G are
dimensionless, they can be understood to be unit-dependent ratios which can be
eliminated from all equations by merging them within new adjusted SI units. Theimplications are that mass and charge sizes, and distance, are not theproperties which separate quantum and classical gravitational systems. The
equivalence of gravitational and inertial mass is also shown. The new type of
dimensional analysis shows how to uncover any law of nature or universal
constant and that the current set of properties of nature is missing two from
the set, whose dimensions and units can be inferred.
