On Finding the Upper Confidence Limit for a Binomial Proportion when Zero Successes are Observed

We consider confidence interval estimation for a binomial proportion when the data have already been observed and x, the observed number of successes in a sample of size n, is zero. In this case, the main objective of the investigator is usually to obtain a reasonable upper bound for the true probability of success, i.e., the upper limit of a one-sided confidence interval. In this article, we use observed interval length and p-confidence to evaluate eight methods for finding the upper limit of a confidence interval for a binomial proportion when x is known to be zero. Long-run properties such as expected interval length and coverage probability are not applicable because the sample data have already been observed. We show that many popular approximate methods that are known to have good long-run properties in the general setting perform poorly when x=0 and recommend that the Clopper-Pearson exact method be used instead.

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Biomechanical Modeling of Human Body Movement

The capabilities of the human body motion seem endless, through the long evolutionary process. The progresses made from the first step of a baby to an Olympic performance suggest that human movements have attained perfection in their specialized functions. However, the ability to predict how the whole body will move and how it will exchange forces with environment is becoming very vital for performances optimization or development of devices or safety; particularly in the fields of research of sport sciences, ergonomics, safety, clinical sciences and industries.

Modelling human body motion is a huge issue due to the requirement of multifaceted researches obviously extremely diverse to apply. Indeed, they require the understanding of internal/external biological and physical principles that make possible and guide human movement and coordination, as well as, the capacity of giving them a realistic representation with high-fidelity. Since over 30 years of research Biomechanics, the research area studying human motion has undertaken progress in the modelling human motion. But the results are mitigated. The purpose of this review is to report the state of knowledge and progress of the biomechanics regarding its application to the field of sport.