Experiments done by researchers to classify the dark matter universe

According to the scientific literature, 96% of the total amount of matter in the universe has been considered as dark matter. It consistently fills the entire universe and cannot be identified with any of the noticeable celestial bodies. Thus, it is named as dark matter because it is imperceptible.

The history of the existence of dark matter is such. The American astrophysicists A. Penzias and R. Vilson had found in the horn receiving antenna of a radio telescope the weak no vanishing background of the extra-terrestrial origin. It had not dependent on the orientation of the antenna. This radiation is called the relic. After its opening in 1968 to Penzias Vilsonu and were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics.

The ABCs of the Mathematical Infinitology. Principles of the Modern Theory and Practice of Scientific-and-Mathematical Infinitology

In any, praiseworthy hobby, business or the craft, being appeared at the human persons for a long time process of evolution, and thanks to the mental and creative abilities growth, sometimes among the advanced people were developed such high spheres of human knowledge or personal skills or intellectual abilities, that a lot of centuries and even the millenniums came or passed away, before some difficult scientific idea or the secrets of the craft could be at last found their final decisions or they were transformed by the human individuals into such form of the representation or embodiment, available for their natural perception by people, specialists or scientists, that a team of higher skilled experts could only recognize this or that decision as a perfect standard.

It isn't necessary to go far very much for the examples! The most ancient and the unresolved task is a secret of natural prime numbers, the cornerstone of the scientific theory of their knowledge and studying was put by Eratosphen Kirensky, the Ancient Greece mathematician, being lived in the III century B.C. The knowledge by the human persons of the Great truths of the World was always, from the time of immemorial destiny, the elite of possessing advanced thinkers being had a rich life experience. 

Simulations of Three-dimensional Second Grade Fluid Flow Analysis in Converging-Diverging Nozzle

An analysing flow pattern in a converging-diverging nozzle has been one of interesting topic in computational fluid dynamics. There are numerous applications of this flow phenomenon in aerospace and engineering sciences. Such processes are difficult to handle analytically due to complex mathematical model associated to the flow and ensuing instabilities carried by flow parameters. Looking back to the history Jaffery and Hamel, in their studies considered the converging diverging channel steady two dimensional Newtonian fluid flow. 

They observed quiet interesting results by treating Navier-Stokes equations with similarity transforms. Further developments were presented in Schlichtinh and Batchelor based on the boundary layer approximations. Makinde examined the in compressible Newtonian fluid flow by incorporation of linearly diverging symmetrical channel. Recently, Zarqa et al. performed approximate analytical analysis using Adomian decomposition method for a channel with variable diverging ratio. 

Check how the data analytics can impact healthcare

Big Data: Broadly data that is difficult to collect, store or process within the conventional systems is termed as big data. Big data is used to describe data that is high volume, high velocity, and high variety. It requires new technologies and techniques to capture, store, and analyze aiming to enhance decision making, provide insight and discovery. 

Volume refers to the amount of data expressed in terabytes and, petabytes of data. Variety refers to the number of types of data that includes unstructured data in the form of text, video, audio, click streams, 3D data and log files. Velocity on the other hand refers to the speed of data processing data streams from mobile devices, click streams, high-frequency stock trading, and machine-to-machine processes is massive and continuously fast moving.

Opinion on Adaptive Designs in Clinical Trials

Starting from a couple of research papers in this type published in Europe’s peer-reviewed statistical journals, adaptive designs have made much progress in the development and implementation in the past 20 years, which are anticipated to increase the information value of clinical trial data in order to enable better decisions during the course and speed up the development process in the context of fierce competition and limited trial budgets. 

So far for now, main types of adaptive deigns are: 1) adaptive randomization which allows changing randomization probabilities using information from past treatment assignment (such as the biased coin design), or covariate-adaptive, or response-adaptive or covariate-adjusted-adaptive; 2) adaptive dose response designs; 3) sample size re-estimation; 4) Treatment selection designs; 5) group sequential designs. All areas in this topic are undergone active development because analytic derivations are not well investigated for many methods. 

Nonholonomic Ricci Flows of Riemannian Metrics and Lagrange-Finsler Geometry

A series of the most remarkable results in mathematics are related to Grisha Perelman’s proof of the Poincare Conjecture built on geometrization (Thurston) conjecture  for three dimensional Riemannian manifolds, and R. Hamilton’s Ricci flow theory see reviews and basic references explained by Kleiner. Much of the works on Ricci flows has been performed and validated by experts in the area of geometrical analysis and Riemannian geometry. Recently, a number of applications in physics of the Ricci flow theory were proposed, by Vacaru. 

Some geometrical approaches in modern gravity and string theory are connected to the method of moving frames and distributions of geometric objects on (semi) Riemannian manifolds and their generalizations to spaces provided with nontrivial torsion, nonmetricity and/or nonlinear connection structures. The geometry of nonholonomic manifolds and non–Riemannian spaces is largely applied in modern mechanics, gravity,cosmology and classical/quantum field theory explained by Stavrinos. 

Heat Conduction: Hyperbolic Self-similar Shock-waves in Solid Medium

Analytic solutions for cylindrical thermal waves in solid medium are given based on the nonlinear hyperbolic system of heat flux relaxation and energy conservation equations. The Fourier-Cattaneo phenomenological law is generalized where the relaxation time and heat propagation coefficient have general power law temperature dependence. From such laws one cannot form a second order parabolic or telegraph-type equation. We consider the original non-linear hyperbolic system itself with the self-similar Ansatz for the temperature distribution and for the heat flux. As results continuous and shock wave solutions are presented. For physical establishment numerous materials with various temperature dependent heat conduction coefficients are mentioned. 

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A Search Algorithm

This is an algorithm which has the same time complexity as that of linear search of “O (n)”. But still it is better than “linear search” in terms of execution time. Let A[ ] be the array of some size N. If the element which we want to search is at any position before “N/2” than “my-search and linear-search” both will have execution time, but the magic happens when the search element is after “N/2” position. 

Suppose the element want to search is at nth position, then using the linear search will find the element after nth iteration, but using “my-search” we can search the element after 1st iteration itself. Elements in (N-i)th position can be found in the (I+1)th iteration i.e. suppose size is 1000 than element in 1000th position can be found in 1st iteration, similarly 999 in 2nd iteration and process goes on like this.

Biomechanical Modeling of Human Body Movement

The capabilities of the human body motion seem endless, through the long evolutionary process. The progresses made from the first step of a baby to an Olympic performance suggest that human movements have attained perfection in their specialized functions. However, the ability to predict how the whole body will move and how it will exchange forces with environment is becoming very vital for performances optimization or development of devices or safety; particularly in the fields of research of sport sciences, ergonomics, safety, clinical sciences and industries.

Modelling human body motion is a huge issue due to the requirement of multifaceted researches obviously extremely diverse to apply. Indeed, they require the understanding of internal/external biological and physical principles that make possible and guide human movement and coordination, as well as, the capacity of giving them a realistic representation with high-fidelity. Since over 30 years of research Biomechanics, the research area studying human motion has undertaken progress in the modelling human motion. But the results are mitigated. The purpose of this review is to report the state of knowledge and progress of the biomechanics regarding its application to the field of sport.

Nonholonomic Ricci Flows of Riemannian Metrics and Lagrange-Finsler Geometry

A series of the most remarkable results in mathematics are related to Grisha Perelman’s proof of the Poincare Conjecture built on geometrization (Thurston) conjecture for three dimensional Riemannian manifolds, and R. Hamilton’s Ricciflow theory see reviews and basic references explained by Kleiner. Much of the works on Ricci flows has been performed and validated by experts in the area of geometrical analysis and Riemannian geometry. Recently, a number of applications in physics of the Ricci flow theory were proposed, by Vacaru. 

Some geometrical approaches in modern gravity and string theory are connected to the method of moving frames and distributions of geometric objects on (semi) Riemannian manifolds and their generalizations to spaces provided with nontrivial torsion, nonmetricity and/or nonlinear connection structures. Thegeometry of nonholonomic manifolds and non–Riemannian spaces is largely appliedin modern mechanics, gravity, cosmology and classical/quantum field theory expained by Stavrinos. 

High-order Accurate Numerical Methods for Solving the Space Fractional Advection-dispersion Equation

The fractional advection-dispersion equation (FADE) is a generalization of the classical advection-dispersion equation (ADE). It provides a useful descriptionof transport dynamics in complex systems which are governed by anomalousdiffusion and nonexponential relaxation. The FADE was firstly proposed by Chaves to investigate the mechanism of super diffusion and with the goal of having a model able to generate the L´evy distribution and was later generalized by Benson et al and has since been treated by numerous authors. Many numerical methods have been proposed for solving the FADE.

Meerschaert and Tadjeran developed practical numerical methods to solve the one-dimensional space FADE with variable coefficients. Liu et al transformed the space fractional Fokker-Planck equationinto a system of ordinary differential equations (method of lines), which wasthen solved using backward differentiation formulas. Liu et al proposed an implicit difference method (IDM) and an explicit difference method (EDM) to solve a space-time FADE. Liu et al. presented a random walk model for approximating a L´evy-Feller advection-dispersion process and proposed an explicit finite difference approximation (EFDA).